Emacaleni obugebengu, ummangalelwa umangalelwa yiHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi (OM). I-OM imelwe umshushisi womphakathi. Ukuqulwa kwecala ngokujwayelekile kuqala emaphoyiseni, emva kwalokho umshushisi athathe isinqumo sokuthi amshushise yini umsolwa. Uma umshushisi womphakathi eqhubeka nokushushisa umsolwa, icala liphelela enkantolo.
Amacala
Amacala angatholakala ku-Penal Code, the Weapons Act, the Opium Act, noma Road Traffic Act, phakathi kokunye. Ngaphansi komgomo wokuba semthethweni, akekho ongagwetshwa ngesenzo noma ngokwenzelela ngaphandle kokuhlinzekwa kwesijeziso esisemthethweni.
Umehluko ungenziwa phakathi kwama-misdemeanors nama-felonies. Icala liyicala elinzima kunesenzo esingalungile. Isenzo esingalungile singabandakanya ukushaya noma ukubulala. Ezinye izibonelo zecala ukudakwa esidlangalaleni noma ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla.
Uphenyo
Icala lobugebengu livame ukuqala emaphoyiseni. Lokhu kungase kube impendulo yombiko noma umkhondo wecala lobugebengu. Uphenyo luqale ngaphansi kokuqondisa komshushisi womphakathi, esebenzisana namaphoyisa. Umsolwa uyafunwa, kuqoqwe ubufakazi. Okutholwe ngophenyo kuvela embikweni osemthethweni othunyelwa kumshushisi womphakathi. Ngokusekelwe embikweni osemthethweni, umshushisi womphakathi uhlola icala. Umshushisi uphinde ahlole ukuthi umsolwa uzoshushiswa yini. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi umgomo we-expediency; umshushisi womphakathi uyanquma ukuthi alishushise yini icala.
I-Subpoena
Uma umshushisi eqhubeka nokushushisa, ummangalelwa uzothola amasamanisi. Amasamanisi achaza icala avulelwa lona ummangalelwa futhi asho ukuthi ummangalelwa kufanele avele kuphi futhi nini enkantolo.
Ukwelashwa yinkantolo
Njengommangalelwa, awuphoqelekile ukuba uthamele ukuqulwa kwecala. Uma unquma ukuya, ijaji lizokubuza imibuzo ngesikhathi sokulalelwa kwecala. Nokho, awuphoqelekile ukuba uphendule imibuzo yakhe. Lokhu kungenxa yomgomo we-nemo tenetur: awuphoqelekile ukubambisana ngokukhuthala nokukholelwa kwakho siqu. Uma ijaji seliqedile ukubuza ummangalelwa imibuzo, lizonikeza umshushisi inkundla.
Umshushisi womphakathi ube esenikeza incwadi yecala. Kuyo, ubeka amaqiniso nobufakazi becala. Ube esephetha icala lakhe ngokufuna kwakhe icala.
Ngemva kokuba umshushisi womphakathi esekhulumile, ummeli wommangalelwa uzovuma. Esicelweni sakhe, ummeli uphendula isimangalo somshushisi futhi umele izidingo zekhasimende. Ekugcineni, ummangalelwa unikezwa ithuba.
Isinqumo sejaji
Kunezinqumo ezimbalwa ijaji elingazithatha. Ukuze kutholwe ubufakazi, ubuncane benani lobufakazi kumele butholakale ukuze kugwetshwe ummangalelwa. Ukuthi ubuncane bobufakazi bufinyelelwe yini budinga ukuhlolwa kwecala elithile futhi kusezandleni zejaji.
Okokuqala, ummangalelwa angase akhululwe yijaji. Kulokhu, ngokusho kwejaji, icala alifakazelwa, noma ijaji liyahlulela ukuthi icala alinasijeziso. Nokho, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ijaji aliqinisekanga ukuthi ummangalelwa wenze icala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummangalelwa angase akhululwe ekushushisweni. Kunjalo, isibonelo, ezimweni zokuzivikela noma uma umsolwa egula ngengqondo. Kula macala ijaji lithola ukuthi ummangalelwa angajeziswa noma icala ashushiswa ngalo ummangalelwa alijeziswa. Ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu kungase kuphelele lapha. Nokho, ijaji lingase futhi libeke isilinganiso lapho kuchithwa ukushushiswa. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise i-TBS yomsolwa onokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummangalelwa angajeziswa. Kungahlukaniswa izinhlawulo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuboshwa, inkonzo eyisibonelo, kanye nomsebenzi womphakathi. Inkantolo ingaphinda ibeke isilinganiso esifana nokukhokhwa komonakalo noma i-TBS.
Isijeziso singafeza izinhloso ezimbalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, kungasebenza njengesijeziso. Phela uma umuntu enze isenzo sobugebengu, akakwazi ukubalekela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisulu, kodwa nomphakathi, ufanelwe ukwaneliseka. Inhloso yesijeziso ukuvimbela umenzi wobubi ukuthi angaziphindi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isijeziso kufanele sibe nomphumela ovimbelayo. Izigebengu kumele zazi ukuthi isenzo sobugebengu ngeke singajeziswa. Ekugcineni, ukujezisa umenzi wobubi kuvikela umphakathi.
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