Ngemuva kwezinswinyo eziyisikhombisa ezethulwe nguhulumeni ngokumelene neRussia, iphakheji yesishiyagalombili yezijeziso manje isiphinde yethulwa ngomhla ka-6 Okthoba 2022. Lezi zijeziso ziza ngaphezu kwezinyathelo ezabekwa ngokumelene neRussia ngo-2014 ngokuthatha iCrimea kanye nokwehluleka ukusebenzisa izivumelwano zaseMinsk. Izinyathelo zigxile ekujezisweni kwezomnotho nasezinyathelweni zamanxusa. Izijeziso ezintsha kuhloswe ngazo ukuqaphela izindawo okungezona ezikahulumeni ezifundeni zaseDonetsk naseLuhansk e-Ukraine kanye nokuthumela amasosha aseRussia kulezo zindawo. Kule bhulogi, ungafunda ukuthi yiziphi unswinyo ezingeziwe nokuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini kokubili eRussia nase-EU.
Izijeziso zangaphambilini ngomkhakha
Uhlu lwezijeziso
I-EU ibeke imingcele kubantu abathile, izinkampani kanye nezinhlangano. Uhlu[1] yemikhawulo inwetshiwe izikhathi ezimbalwa ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuthi uthintane nayo ngaphambi kokwenza ibhizinisi nenhlangano yaseRussia.
Imikhiqizo yokudla (agri-food)
Ngaphambili kwe-agri-food, kukhona ukuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwezilwane zasolwandle nemimoya evela eRussia kanye nokuvinjelwa kokuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yezitshalo zokuhlobisa. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-bulbs, ama-tubers, ama-roses, ama-rhododendron nama-azaleas.
Ukuzivikela
Kukhona ukuvinjelwa kokungenisa nokuthekelisa ngaphandle kwezikhali nemikhiqizo ehlobene ehlinzeka ngamasevisi nokusekelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvinjelwe ukuthengiswa, ukuhlinzekwa, ukudluliswa kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezibhamu ezingezona ezivamile, izingxenye zazo ezibalulekile nezinhlamvu, izimoto zamasosha kanye nemishini, amathuluzi ezempi kanye nezinsimbi. Iphinde ivimbele ukuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo ethile, ubuchwepheshe, ukwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhwebelana okuhlobene nemikhiqizo engasetshenziselwa 'ukusetshenziswa okukabili'. Ukusetshenziswa kabili kusho ukuthi izimpahla zingasatshalaliswa ukuze zisetshenziswe ngokwejwayelekile kodwa futhi zisetshenziswe ezempi.
Umkhakha wezamandla
Umkhakha wezamandla uhlanganisa imisebenzi ehilela ukuhlola, ukukhiqizwa, ukusatshalaliswa ngaphakathi kweRussia noma ukumbiwa kwe-petroleum, igesi yemvelo noma izibaseli eziqinile. Kodwa futhi ukukhiqiza noma ukusatshalaliswa ngaphakathi kweRussia noma imikhiqizo evela kumafutha aqinile, imikhiqizo ecolisisiwe ye-petroleum noma igesi. Futhi ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo noma ukufakwa kwezinto zokusebenza, noma ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo, okokusebenza noma ubuchwepheshe bemisebenzi ehlobene, ukukhiqiza ugesi noma ukukhiqizwa kukagesi.
Ukwenza utshalomali olusha kuwo wonke umkhakha wezamandla waseRussia akuvunyelwe. Ukwengeza, kunemikhawulo efinyelela kude yokuthunyelwa kwempahla, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinsizakalo kuwo wonke umkhakha wezamandla. Kukhona futhi nokuvinjelwa kokuthekelisa kwezinye izinto zokusebenza, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe bokucwenga uwoyela, ukuhlola nokukhiqizwa kukawoyela emanzini ajulile, ukuhlola nokukhiqizwa kukawoyela wase-Arctic, kanye namaphrojekthi kawoyela we-shale eRussia. Ekugcineni, kuzoba nokuvinjelwa kokuthengwa, ukungenisa nokudluliswa kwamafutha angcolile kanye nemikhiqizo kawoyela acolisisiwe evela eRussia.
Umkhakha wezezimali
Akuvunyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngemalimboleko, ukubalwa kwezimali, iseluleko sentela, ukubonisana kanye nemikhiqizo yokutshalwa kwezimali kuhulumeni waseRussia, IBhange Elikhulu kanye nabantu/izinhlangano ezihlobene. Futhi, awekho amasevisi angase anikezwe yizinkampani ezithembekile kuleli qembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasavunyelwe ukuhweba ngezibambiso futhi amabhange amaningana anqanyuliwe ohlelweni lokukhokha lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-SWIFT.
Imboni kanye nempahla eluhlaza
Ukuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kuyasebenza kusimende, umanyolo, amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kuphethiloli wejethi namalahle. Izinkampani ezinkulu emkhakheni wemishini kufanele zihambisane nezijeziso ezengeziwe. Futhi, imishini ethile ayivunyelwe ukuthunyelwa eRussia.
Ezokuthutha
Izingxenye zezindiza kanye nokulungiswa, izinsizakalo zezezimali ezihlobene kanye nezimpahla ezengeziwe ezisetshenziswa endizeni. I-airspace ye-EU nayo ivaliwe ezindizeni zaseRussia. Kukhona nezijeziso ezikhona ezinkampanini ezinkulu emkhakheni wezokundiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukuvinjelwa kokuthutha komgwaqo ezinkampanini zokuthutha zaseRussia naseBelarusian. Kukhona okuhlukile, okuhlanganisa imikhiqizo yezokwelapha, yezolimo nokudla, kanye nosizo lwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhumbi ehlatshwe umkhosi waseRussia inqatshelwa ukufinyelela emachwebeni e-EU. Kukhona futhi unswinyo olubhekiswe ezinkampanini ezinkulu emkhakheni wokwakha imikhumbi waseRussia.
Media
Izinkampani eziningana azisavunyelwe ukusakaza e-EU ukulwa nenkulumo-ze nezindaba ezingamanga.
Izinsizakalo zebhizinisi
Ukunikezwa kwezinsizakalo zebhizinisi akuvunyelwe uma kuhilela ukubalwa kwezimali, izinsizakalo zokucwaninga, iseluleko sentela, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, ukubonisana, izinsizakalo zefu nezeluleko zokuphatha.
Ubuciko, isiko kanye nezimpahla zikanokusho
Mayelana nalo mkhakha, izimpahla zabantu abasohlwini lwezijeziso zimisiwe. Ukuthengiselana nokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla zikanokusho kubantu, izinkampani nezinhlangano zaseRussia noma ezizosetshenziswa eRussia nakho kuvinjelwe.
Izinyathelo ezintsha kusukela ngomhla ka-6 Okthoba 2022
Izimpahla ezintsha zifakwe ohlwini lokungenisa nokuthekelisa. Ikepisi liphinde labekwa ekuthuthweni olwandle kawoyela waseRussia emazweni esithathu. Imikhawulo eyengeziwe ekuhwebeni nasemisebenzini yaseRussia nayo iye yabekwa.
Ukunwetshwa kokuvinjelwa kokungenisa nokuthekelisa
Kuzoba semthethweni ukungenisa ezweni imikhiqizo yensimbi, i-pulp yezinkuni, amaphepha, amapulasitiki, izakhi zemboni yobucwebe, izimonyo nogwayi. Lezi zimpahla zizokwengezwa kuhlu olukhona njengezandiso. Ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ezengeziwe ezisetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokundiza nakho kuzokubekelwa imingcele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvinjelwa kokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kwandisiwe ezintweni ezingasetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa okukabili. Lokhu kuhloswe ngakho ukukhawulela ukuqiniswa kwezempi nobuchwepheshe baseRussia kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wayo wezokuvikela nokuphepha. Lolu hlu manje luhlanganisa izingxenye ezithile ze-elekthronikhi, amakhemikhali engeziwe nezimpahla ezingasetshenziselwa ukujeziswa ngokufa, ukuhlukunyezwa noma enye impatho enonya, engenabuntu noma eyehlisa isithunzi.
Russian Maritime Transport
Irejista Yemikhumbi YaseRussia nayo izovinjelwa ekuthengisweni. Izijeziso ezintsha zivimbela ukuhweba olwandle emazweni esithathu kawoyela ongahluziwe (kusukela ngoDisemba 2022) kanye nemikhiqizo ye-petroleum (kusukela ngoFebruwari 2023) evela noma ethunyelwa ngaphandle ivela e-Russia. Usizo lobuchwepheshe, uxhaso lwezezimali lwezinsizakalo zokuthengisa kanye nosizo lwezezimali nakho angeke kuhlinzekwe. Kodwa-ke, ezokuthutha kanye nezinsizakalo zinganikezwa lapho uwoyela noma imikhiqizo kaphethiloli ithengwa ngenani elinqunyiwe noma ngaphansi kwalo. Lokhu kujeziswa akukakasebenzi, kodwa isisekelo somthetho sesivele sikhona. Kuyosebenza kuphela lapho uphahla lwentengo lusethwa ezingeni laseYurophu.
Iseluleko sezomthetho
Manje akuvunyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokwelulekwa kwezomthetho eRussia. Kodwa-ke, ukumelwa, ukulungiswa kwezeluleko zamadokhumenti noma ukuqinisekiswa kwamadokhumenti kumongo wokumelwa ngokomthetho akuweli ngaphansi kweseluleko sezomthetho. Lokhu kulandela encazelweni yezinkonzo zokwelulekwa kwezomthetho zephakethe elisha lezonswinyo. Amacala noma ukuqulwa kwecala phambi kwezinhlaka zokuphatha, izinkantolo noma ezinye izinkantolo ezisemthethweni ezimiswe ngokufanelekile, noma ezinqubweni zokulamula noma zokulamula nazo azithathwa njengezeluleko zezomthetho. Ngomhla ziyisi-6 kuMfumfu wezi-2022, i-Dutch Bar Association yabonisa ukuthi isacubungula imiphumela yomsebenzi wezomthetho wokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalesi sigwebo. Okwamanje, kuyalulekwa ukuthi uthintane noDini we-Dutch Bar Association lapho ufisa ukusiza/ukweluleka iklayenti laseRussia.
Okokubhalaonjiniyela nonjiniyela
Izinsizakalo zezokwakha nezobunjiniyela zihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kanye nezinsizakalo zezakhiwo zezwe kanye nezinsizakalo zokubonisana zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ezihlobene nobunjiniyela. Ikhawulelwe ngokuvimbela ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza zezakhiwo nezobunjiniyela kanye nezinsizakalo zokubonisana ne-IT kanye nezinsizakalo zokwelulekwa kwezomthetho. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlinzekwa kosizo lobuchwepheshe kusazovunyelwa mayelana nezimpahla ezithunyelwa eRussia. Ukudayiswa, ukuhlinzekwa, ukudluliswa noma ukuthekelisa kwalezo zimpahla akumele-ke kwenqatshelwe ngaphansi kwalo mthethonqubo lapho kunikezwa usizo lobuchwepheshe.
Izinsizakalo zokubonisana nge-IT
Lokhu kubandakanya ukufakwa kwehadiwe yekhompyutha. Cabanga futhi ngosizo lwezikhalazo ngokufakwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha namanethiwekhi, "izinsizakalo ze-IT Consulting" zibandakanya izinsizakalo zokubonisana ezihlobene nokufakwa kwehadiwe yekhompuyutha, izinsizakalo zokuqalisa isoftware. Ngokuphelele, kuhlanganisa nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa kwesofthiwe. Kuphinde kunqatshelwe ukunikeza isikhwama semali, i-akhawunti kanye nezinsizakalo zokugcinwa kwezimpahla ze-crypto kubantu baseRussia noma abantu abahlala eRussia, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yinani eliphelele lezimpahla ze-crypto.
Okunye unswinyo
Ezinye izinyathelo ezibekiwe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kufakwe abantu nezinhlangano ezisiza ukugwema unswinyo ohlwini lwezinhlawulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvinjelwe izakhamizi ze-EU ezihlala emabhodini abaqondisi bezinkampani ezithile zikahulumeni waseRussia. Abantu abambalwa nezinhlangano nazo zifakwe ohlwini lwezinhlawulo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi abamele umkhakha wezokuvikela waseRussia, abantu abaziwayo abasabalalisa ulwazi olungahlosiwe mayelana nempi kanye nalabo ababambe iqhaza ekuhleleni izinhlolovo ezingekho emthethweni.
UMkhandlu uphinde wanquma ukwelula ububanzi bendawo yezigwegwe zangomhla zingama-23 kuNhlolanja, okuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi ukuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwezimpahla ezivela ezifundeni ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni iDonetsk neLuhansk, ezindaweni ezingalawuleki zaseZaporizhzhya naseKherson oblasts. Izinyathelo ezimelene nalabo abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokubukela phansi noma ukusongela ubuqotho bendawo yase-Ukraine, ubukhosi nokuzimela zisebenza kuze kube umhla ziyi-15 kuNdasa wezi-2023.
Oxhumana naye
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kukhona okuhlukile mayelana nezijeziso ezingenhla. Ungathanda ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalokhu? Bese uzizwe ukhululekile ukuxhumana no-Tom Meevis wethu, ku tom.meevis@landmore.nl noma usishayele ku- +31 (0) 40-3690680.
[1] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02014R0269-20220721