Isingeniso
Emphakathini wethu ovela ngokushesha, i-cryptocurrency iya ngokuya ithandwa. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-cryptocurrency, njengeBitcoin, Ethereum, neLitecoin. Ama-Cryptocurrensets ayedijithali kuphela, kanti imali kanye nobuchwepheshe zigcinwa ziphephile ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain. Lobu buchwepheshe bugcina irekhodi elivikelekile lokuthengiselana ngakunye endaweni eyodwa. Akekho olawula i-blockchain njengoba la maketeni enqunyelwe kuyo yonke ikhompyutha enesikhwama se-cryptocurrency. Ubuchwepheshe beBlockchain bunikezela ngokungaziwa kwabasebenzisi be-cryptocurrency. Ukuntuleka kokulawula nokungaziwa kwabasebenzisi kungafaka ubungozi obuthile kosomabhizinisi abafuna ukusebenzisa i-cryptocurrency enkampanini yabo. Le ndatshana ingukuqhubeka kwendatshana yethu yangaphambilini, 'I-Cryptocurrency: izici zomthetho zezobuchwepheshe eziguqukayo'. Ngenkathi le ndatshana yangaphambilini isondela kakhulu ezicini zomthetho ezijwayelekile ze-cryptocurrency, lo mbhalo ugxile ezingcupheni abanikazi bebhizinisi abangabhekana nazo lapho bebhekene ne-cryptocurrency nokubaluleka kokuhambisana.
Ingozi yokusolwa ngokudonswa kwemali
Ngenkathi i-cryptocurrency ithola ukuthandwa, isalawulwa eNetherlands nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Izishayamthetho zisebenzela ukwenza imigomo enemininingwane, kepha lokhu kuzoba inqubo ende. Kodwa-ke, izinkantolo zikazwelonke zaseDashi sezidlulise izinqumo eziningana kumacala aphathelene ne-cryptocurrency. Yize izinqumo ezimbalwa bezithinta isimo sezomthetho se-cryptocurrency, amacala amaningi ayephakathi kobubanzi bobugebengu. Ukwebiwa kwemali kubambe iqhaza elikhulu kulezi zinqumo.
Ukwebiwa kwemali kuyisici okufanele sibhekelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inhlangano yakho ayiwele ngaphansi kwekhodi yeDutch Criminal Code. Ukuphanga imali isenzo esijeziswayo ngaphansi komthetho wobulelesi waseDashi. Lokhu kusungulwe emibhalweni engu-420bis, 420ter no-420 ye-Dutch Criminal Code. Ukwebiwa kwemali kufakazelwa lapho umuntu efihla imvelo uqobo, imvelaphi, ukuqothuka noma ukuhlakazwa kokuthile okuhle, noma efihla ukuthi ngubani ozuzayo noma ophethe okuhle ngenkathi azi ukuthi okuhle kususelwa emisebenzini yobugebengu. Ngisho nalapho umuntu ebengazi ngokusobala ukuthi iqiniso lisuselwa emisebenzini yobugebengu kodwa ubengacabanga kahle ukuthi yilokhu, angatholakala enecala lokusebenzisa imali. Lezi zenzo zijeziswa ngokuboshwa kuze kube iminyaka emine (ngokwazi umsuka wobugebengu), ukuboshwa kuze kube unyaka owodwa (ngokuba nomqondo ofanele) noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-67.000 euro. Lokhu kusungulwe ku-athikili 23 ye-Dutch Criminal Code. Umuntu owenza umkhuba wokusebenzisa imali angaboshwa ngisho kuze kube yiminyaka eyisithupha.
Ngezansi kwezibonelo ezimbalwa lapho izinkantolo zamaDashi zidlulise ukusetshenziswa kwe-cryptocurrency:
- Kwakunecala lapho umuntu asolwa ngokuhlukumeza imali. Wathola imali eyayitholwa ngokuguqula ama-bitcoins abe imali ye-fiat. Lawa ma-bitcoins atholakala kuwebhu emnyama, lapho kufihlwa khona amakheli we-IP wabasebenzisi. Uphenyo lubonise ukuthi iwebhu emnyama isetshenziswa cishe kuphela ngokuthengisa izimpahla ezingekho emthethweni, okumele zikhokhwe ngama-bitcoins. Ngakho-ke, inkantolo ecabanga ukuthi ama-bitcoins atholakala kuwebhu omnyama ayimvelaphi yobugebengu. Inkantolo ithe umsolwa uthole imali eyayitholwa ngokuguqula ama-bitcoins emvelaphi yobugebengu abe yimali ye-fiat. Umsolwa wayazi ukuthi ama-bitcoins ajwayele ukuvela ebugebengwini. Noma kunjalo, akazange aphenye ngemvelaphi yemali ye-fiat ayitholile. Ngakho-ke, wamukele ngamabomu ithuba elibalulekile lokuthi imali ayitholile yatholakala ngemisebenzi engekho emthethweni. Walahlwa yicala lokusebenzisa imali. [1]
- Kulokhu, abakwaFiscal Information and Investigation Service (ngesiDashi: FIOD) baqale uphenyo kubahwebi be-bitcoin. Umsolwa, kulokhu, uhlinzeka abathengisi futhi wabashintsha baba imali. Umsolwa usebenzise i-wallet online lapho bekubekwe khona ama-bitcoins amaningi, okuvela kuwebhu emnyama. Njengoba kushiwo ecaleni elingehla, la ma-bitcoins acatshangelwa ukuthi avela ngokungemthetho. Umsolwa wenqabile ukucacisa mayelana nemvelaphi yama-bitcoins. Inkantolo ithe umsolwa uyazi kahle imvelaphi yama-bitco engekho emthethweni njengoba aye kubathengisi abaqinisekisa ukungaziwa kwamakhasimende abo babuze nekhomishini ephezulu yale nkonzo. Ngakho-ke, inkantolo yathi injongo yomsolwa ingathathwa. Walahlwa yicala lokusebenzisa imali. [2]
- Icala elilandelayo liphathelene nebhange laseDashi, i-IN. I-IN yangena kwinkontileka yasebhange nomhwebi we-bitcoin. Njengebhange, i-ING inezibopho ezithile zokuqapha nokuphenya. Bathola iklayenti labo lisebenzisa imali eyimali ukuthenga ama-bitcoins kubantu besithathu. I-ING yaqeda ubudlelwano bayo njengoba imvelaphi yezinkokhelo zemali ingeke ihlolwe futhi imali kungenzeka ukuthi itholakale ngemisebenzi engekho emthethweni. I-IN yazizwa sengathi ayisakwazi ukufeza izibopho zayo ze-KYC njengoba ihluleka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-akhawunti ayo awasetshenziswanga lapho kudayiswa khona imali futhi igwema nobungozi maqondana nobuqotho. Inkantolo ithe iklayenti le-IN alanele ekuboniseni ukuthi imali eyisikhwama yayivela emthethweni. Ngakho-ke, i-ING yavunyelwa ukuqeda ubudlelwano bebhange. [3]
Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ukuthi ukusebenza ne-cryptocurrency kungabeka engcupheni uma kuziwa ekulandeleni. Lapho imvelaphi ye-cryptocurrency ingaziwa, futhi imali ingahle ithathwe kuwebhu emnyama, izinsolo zokuxhaphaza imali zingavela kalula.
Compliance
Njengoba i-cryptocurrency ingakalawulwa futhi ukungaziwa ekuthengisaneni kuqinisekisiwe, kuyindlela yokukhokha ekhangayo ezosetshenziselwa imisebenzi yobugebengu. Ngakho-ke, i-cryptocurrency inohlobo oluthile lwamagama amabi eNetherlands. Lokhu kukhonjiswa nokuthi i-Dutch Financial Services and Markets Authority iyeluleka ngokuhweba ngama-cryptocurrensets. Bathi ukusebenzisa i-cryptocurrensis kubeka ubungozi maqondana nobugebengu bezomnotho, ngoba ukushushumbisa imali, ukukhohlisa, ukukhwabanisa nokukhohlisa kungavela kalula. [4] Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele unembe kakhulu ngokuhambisana lapho usebenza nge-cryptocurrency. Kufanele ukwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi i-idijithali yemali oyitholayo ayitholakali ngemisebenzi engekho emthethweni. Kufanele ukwazi ukufakazela ukuthi uphenye ngempela umsuka wemali ye-idijithali oyitholile. Lokhu kungaba nzima kubantu abasebenzisa i-cryptocurrency imvamisa abaziwa. Imvamisa, lapho inkantolo yaseDashi inesinqumo maqondana nemali eyi-cryptocurrency, kungaphakathi kobugebengu. Okwamanje, iziphathimandla aziqapheli ngenkuthalo ukuhweba ngama-cryptocurrensets. Kodwa-ke, i-cryptocurrency inakho ukunakwa. Ngakho-ke, lapho inkampani inobudlelwano ne-cryptocurrency, iziphathimandla zizoqapha ngokwengeziwe. Iziphathimandla mhlawumbe zizofuna ukwazi ukuthi i-cryptocurrency itholakala kanjani nokuthi imvelaphi yemali ikuphi. Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuyiphendula kahle le mibuzo, kungavela izinsolo zokutholwa kwemali ngokungemthetho noma amanye amacala obugebengu futhi kungaqalwa uphenyo oluphathelene nenhlangano yakho.
Ukulawulwa kwe-cryptocurrency
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-cryptocurrency ayikalawulwa. Kodwa-ke, ukuhweba nokusetshenziswa kwama-cryptocurrensets kungenzeka kulawulwe ngokuqinile, ngenxa yezingozi zobugebengu nezezezimali ezibandakanya. Ukulawulwa kwemali yedijithali kuyisihloko sengxoxo emhlabeni jikelele. ISikhwama Sezimali Samazwe Ngamazwe (inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene esebenza ngokubambisana kwezimali zomhlaba wonke, okuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezezimali kanye nokwenza lula ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba) ifuna kuhlanganiswe umhlaba wonke ngezimali zokukhishwa kwemali njengoba yaxwayisa ngazo zombili izingozi zezezimali nezobugebengu. [5] I-European Union iphikisana ngokuthi kufanele yini ilawulwe noma iqashwe ama-cryptocurrensets, yize ingakenzi umthetho othile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawulwa kwemali yedijithali kuyisihloko senkulumompikiswano emazweni amaningana ngamanye, njengeChina, iSouth-Korea neRussia. Lawa mazwe athatha noma afuna ukuthatha izinyathelo ukusungula imithetho ephathelene ne-cryptocurrensets. ENetherlands, i-Financial Services and Markets Authority iveze ukuthi amafemu okutshalwa kwezimali anomsebenzi ojwayelekile wokunakekelwa lapho enikela nge-Bitcoin-future kubathengisi abathengisa eNetherlands. Lokhu kufaka ukuthi lawa mafemu otshalo-mali kumele abhekelele izintshisekelo zamakhasimende awo ngendlela efanelekile, efanele futhi ethembekile. [6] Ingxoxo yomhlaba wonke mayelana nokulawulwa kwe-cryptocurrency ikhombisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziningi zicabanga ukuthi kuyadingeka ukusungula okungenani uhlobo oluthile lomthetho.
Isiphetho
Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi i-cryptocurrency iyanda. Kodwa-ke, abantu babonakala bakhohlwa ukuthi ukuhweba nokusebenzisa lezi zimali nakho kungafaka ubungozi obuthile. Ngaphambi kokuthi uyazi, ungahle uwele ngaphansi kwekhodi yeDutch Criminal Code lapho usebenza ne-cryptocurrency. Lezi zimali zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nemisebenzi yezobugebengu, ikakhulukazi imali. Ukuthobela umthetho ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ezinkampanini ezingafuni ukushushiswa ngamacala obugebengu. Ukwazi ngomsuka we-cryptocurrencies kudlala indima enkulu kulokhu. Njengoba i-cryptocurrency inokuthile okungasho lutho okungatheni, amazwe nezinhlangano ziphikisana ngokuthi cha noma cha ukumisa imithetho ephathelene ne-cryptocurrency. Yize amanye amazwe esezithathile izinyathelo zomthethonqubo, kusengathatha isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba umthetho womhlaba wonke ufinyelelwe. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izinkampani ziqaphele lapho zibhekene ne-cryptocurrency futhi uqiniseke ukuthi unaka ukuthobela.
Oxhumana naye
Uma unemibuzo noma ukuphawula ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, sicela ukhululeke ukuxhumana no-Ruby van Kersbergen, ummeli kwa- Law & More nge-ruby.van.kersbergen@lawandmore.nl, noma u-Tom Meevis, ummeli kwa- Law & More ngetom.meevis@lawandmore.nl, noma ushayele +31 (0) 40-3690680.
[1] ECLI:NL:RBMNE:2017:5716, https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBMNE:2017:5716.
[2] ECLI:NL:RBROT:2017:8992, https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBROT:2017:8992.
[3] ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2017:8376, https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2017:8376.
[4] I-Autoriteit Financiële Markten, 'Reële cryptocurrencies, https://www.afm.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2017/nov/risico-cryptocurrencies.
[5] Bika Izinsizakalo zeFintech nezezimali: Ukucatshangelwa kokuqala, Isikhwama Sezimali Zwamazwe Ngamazwe 2017.
[6] Autoriteit Financiële Markten, 'Bitcoin Futures: AFM op', https://www.afm.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2017/dec/bitcoin-futures-zorgplicht.